MEASUREMENT OF AVERAGE RADIATION DOSE ASSOCIATED WITH PELVIC X-RAY EXAMINATIONS


For more Info, call us on
+234 8130 686 500
or
+234 8093 423 853

                                                            ABSTRACT

Various researchers who have carried out national and international surveys have reported wide variations in patient dose arising from specific x-ray examinations. This study aims to measure and evaluate the average entrance surface dose associated with Pelvic X-Ray Examinations and help in determining the appropriate exposure factors for optimal image quality while ensuring patient safety from radiation hazards. A cross-sectional, retrospective study was conducted with a sample size of 50 adult and geriatric patients who underwent pelvic x-ray examinations at the radiology department of the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital between October 2022 and February 2023. Data was collected using a direct digital x-ray machine and automatic dose calculation software, and analyzed using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics.The study found that the average entrance surface dose used was 7.8591mGy, with an exposure factor range of 60-80kVp and 8.10-400mAs. kVp was not a strong positive indicator of the entrance surface dose, as image processing techniques such as edge enhancement and contrast enhancement can increase the dose. 80% of the patients exceeded the recommended entrance surface dose level of 3.6mGy for an adult undergoing pelvic x-ray examination using the digital x-ray machine. The neglect of appropriate exposure factors by radiographers may lead to patient overexposure, as dependence on image editing software can result in intentional or unintentional radiation dose increase to compensate for poor exposure settings. The study recommends further evaluation of entrance surface dose and comparison with international diagnostic reference levels to promote and maintain patient safety and protection from radiation hazards.


                                                    TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE                                                                                                                           i

 Certification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .      ii

Dedication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .      iii

Acknowledgement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .      iv

Table of contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .      v

List of Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .      ix

List of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     x

Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     xi

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background of study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  1

Statement of problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Aim and Objectives of study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4

Significance of study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5

Scope of study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5


CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0    Theoritical review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

2.1.0 Definition of ionizing radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

2.1.1  Measuring of ionizing radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7

2.1.2  Units of measure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8

2.1.3   Measuring emitted radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

2.1.4   Measuring radiation dose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9

2.1.5   Measuring biological risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9

2.1.6   Entrance surface dose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10

2.2.0   The pelvis anatomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10

2.2.1   Bones of the pelvis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 

2.2.2   Hip bone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 

2.2.3   The ilium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

2.2.4   The pubis  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

2.2.5   The ischium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13

2.2.6   Pelvic girdle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14

2.2.7   Pelvic inlet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15

2.2.8   Pelvic outlet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

2.2.9   Sacrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

2.2.9.1  Coccyx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

2.2.9.2  Organs of the pelvis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

2.3.0    Pelvis x-ray examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

2.3.1    Indications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

2.3.2    Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

2.3.3    Important pathology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

2.4.0    Empirical review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22


CHAPTER THREE

MATERIALS AND METHOD

3.1 Research design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

3.2 Sample size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

3.3 Target population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30

3.4 Data collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31

3.5 Inclusion criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

3.6 Exclusion criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31

3.7 Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32

3.8 Data analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32


CHAPTER FOUR

Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34


CHAPTER FIVE

5.1   Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44

5.2   Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50

5.3   Conclusion . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

5.4   Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

5.5    Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 55


MEASUREMENT OF AVERAGE RADIATION DOSE ASSOCIATED WITH PELVIC X-RAY EXAMINATIONS
For more Info, call us on
+234 8130 686 500
or
+234 8093 423 853

Share This
Payment Instruction
Bank payment for Nigerians, Make a payment of ₦ 3,000 to

Bank GTBANK
gtbank
Account Name Obiaks Business Venture
Account Number 0211074565

Bitcoin: Make a payment of 0.0003 to

Bitcoin(Btc)

btc wallet
Copy to clipboard Copy text

500
Leave a comment...

    Details

    Type Project
    Department Medical Radiography And Radiological Sciences
    Project ID MRR0212
    Fee ₦3,000 ($9)
    No of Pages 43 Pages
    Format Microsoft Word

    Related Works

                                                                ABSTRACT Various researchers who have carried out national and international surveys have reported wide variations in patient dose arising from specific x-ray examinations. This study aims to measure and evaluate the average entrance surface dose associated... Continue Reading
    ABSTRACT Various researchers who have carried out national and international surveys have reported wide variations in patient dose arising from specific X-ray examinations. This study intends to quantify and evaluate, by means of thermo luminescence dosimeter (TLD) chips, the average radiation dose to the patients undergoing pelvic x-ray... Continue Reading
    ABSTRACT Radiation absorbed dose for patients undergoing myocardial perfusion has been calculated for technetium-99m Hexakis-2-methoxy-2-methylpropyl-isonitrile (99mTcSestamibi) at the Nuclear Medicine Department of Abdou Moumouni University. Thirty patients were scanned and image quantification was achieved using MedisoInterViewXP® software. An... Continue Reading
    ABSTRACT       It is of paramount interest both to the staff and patients that radiation safety measures are undertaken to ensure that excess unnecessary radiation is not absorbed by the body. The aim of this study was to assess the rate of utilization of radiation safety measures by radiation workers in tertiary hospitals in Enugu urban. A... Continue Reading
    ABSTRACT The study investigated causes of poor performance Primary Leaving Education at Bupadhengo Day and Boarding Primary School in Kamuli District- Uganda. It was carried out on the background that performance of students in the school has generally been poor over the years. The study was guided by objectives of the study which included; to... Continue Reading
    ABSTRACT The study investigated causes of poor performance Primary Leaving Education at Bupadhengo Day and Boarding Primary School in Kamuli District- Uganda. It was carried out on the background that performance of students in the school has generally been poor over the years. The study was guided by objectives of the study which included; to... Continue Reading
    CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.0 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Grading in education is the process of applying standardized measurements of varying levels of achievement in a course. Semester/session grade-point average and cumulative grade-point average (CGPA) are calculated to represent... Continue Reading
    This research is aimed at assessing the common ultrasound findings in patient with pelvic pain. A retrospective study was done in Enugu scan centre, Ket, life chart and St.Michael diagnostic centres in Enugu. 1044 patients were scanned for pelvic pain from September 2010 to September 2011. The sonographic report showed that 442(42.34%) had uterine... Continue Reading
    CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1     Background to Study Exercise has become a vital part of many women’s lives. Although many women still prefer to engage in exercise during pregnancy, they are concerned about the possible adverse effects. The concerns about exercising during pregnancy relate to the dual stresses of pregnancy and exercise that... Continue Reading
    ABSTRACT This study examines the effects of low dose x-rays on the pH, sperm count, and sperm motility of the epididymal sperm cells of wistar rats. An experimental survey (case control study design) was adopted and a purposive sampling technique was used to select the species of mammals used for the experiment while a convenient sampling... Continue Reading
    Call Us
    Get this work
    whatsappWhatsApp Us