TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION .11
APPROVAL
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS VII
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF ACRONy1~5 XII
DEFINITONS OF KEY TERMS XIII
ABSTRACT XIV
CHAPTER ONE 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY 1
1.2 PRoBLEM STATEMENT 2
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 3
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS 4
1.5 THE SCOPE OF THE STUDY 4
1.5.1 Subject scope ofthe study 4
1.5.2 Geographical scope ofthe study 5
1.6 THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 7
CHAPTER TWO 8
LITERATURE REVIEW 8
2.1 CHARACTERISTICS AND COMPOSITION OF HUMAN FAECES 8
2.2 MICROBIAL COMPOSITION OF FAECES 10
2.3 THE METHODS AND APPROACHES IN HUMAN EXCRETA MANAGEMENT 11
2,3.1 The challenge in the choice and design of excreta disposal facilities 11
2.3.2 Types of human excreta disposalfacilities 12
(a) Pit latrine or traditional latrine 12
(b) Ventilated improved pit latrines (VIP) or Blair latrine 13
(c) Twin pit pourfiush latrine 13
(d)Arborloo 14
(e)Aqua ~privy 14
(1) Cess pool (pit) 14
(g) Composting latrine 14
(h) Fossa Alterna 15
(i) Off set pit latrine 15
(~) Septic tank 15
(k) Skyloo 15
(1) Solar drying eco sanitation latrine 16
(m) Urine diverting eco sanitation latrine 16
(a) Water Closet 17
2.4 COMPOSITION OF PIT LATRINES 17
vii
2.5 FACTORS INFLUENCING THE NATURE, VOLUME AND MANAGEMENT OF
HUMAN EXCRETA 18
2.6 HUMAN HEALTH ISSUES OF POORLY MANAGED EXCRETA AND
TECHNOLOGIES 20
(a) When the pitfills 20
(b) Technologies
(c) Openfaecal Dumping 23
2.7 ECOLOGICAL SANITATION 24
2.8 THE COMMUNITY INITIATIVES OF OVERCOMING THE CHALLENGES OF
EXCRETA DISPOSAL 25
CHAPTER THREE 28
METHODOLOGY 28
3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN 28
3.2 THE LOCATION OF STUDY AREA 28
3.3. DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY POPULATION 29
3.4 SAMPLING PROCEDURES AND SAMPLE SIZE 29
3.5 RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS 32
(a~ The questionnaires 32
(bY) Interview schedules 32
(c) Focus group discussion 32
f~d,) Observation checklist 33
3.6 VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY OF RESEARCH INSTRUMENT 33
3.7 DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION 34
3.7.1 Qualitative data analysis 34
3.7.2 Quantitative data analysis 34
3.8 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY 35
(a)Illiteracy
(‘b,) Poverty
(() Culture
(‘d~.) lack ojfiinds 35
~e~Inadequate awareness on excreta disposal 36
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 37
4.1 DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS 37
4.1.1 Biota of respondents 37
4.1.2 Length of habitation and tribe characteristics ofpeople in Bariadi district 39
4.2 AVAILABILITY, ACCESSIBILITY AND CONDITIONAL STATUS OF EXCRETA
DISPOSAL FACILITIES IN BARIADI TOWN COUNCIL 41
4.2.1 Availability and accessibility of excretafacilities 41
4.2.2 Status oflatrine/toilets in Bariadi town council 43
4.3 THE CHALLENGES IN THE SEWAGE AND SANITATION PROVISION SERVICES 44
4.4 LEVELS OF AWARENESS AND ATTITUDES HINDERING BETTER EXTRA
MANAGEMENT 46
CHAPTER FIVE 47
CONCULISION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 47
