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The original toll road known as turnpikes – dating from the 15 th century – were indeed spiked barriers, but they were designed to be placed across roads to prevent sudden attack by men on horseback. Later ones were horizontal timbers fitted with spikes, a version of what is called a cheval de fries, but the Oxford English Dictionary... Continue Reading

The world over, it is indisputable that the introduction of computer technology in different aspect of life, has virtually transformed and entranced information processing, which is very vital in any organization of government. Not only as a means of information processing, has the technology also proved to be the fastest means of... Continue Reading

This study examined family background and involvement in street violence among youths in shomolu local government Lagos state. It investigates specific objectives such as family size, family type, parent’s educational status, parent’s occupational status and how they influence involvement in street violence among youths. The study... Continue Reading

The desire of every government is to ensure effective service delivery to its citizens, as it is vital in uplifting the living standard of the mass population. The civil service as a machinery of government is saddled with the responsibility of government policies and programmes implementation. In an attempt to reform government service... Continue Reading

In the contemporary Nigerian society, the traditional family values have been abandoned which was mainly influenced by the western ideology. As a result, the stability that characterized the traditional family system has withered away exposing the family to the susceptibility of breaking down. The consequence of these changes in family status has... Continue Reading

The study investigated the roles of sex and parent’s level of education on the development of children’s self-esteem among secondary school students in Keffi Local Government Area, Nasarawa State. The researcher adopted simple random sampling technique to draw the sample population of fifty (50) students of Kofar Hausa Secondary... Continue Reading

Decision-making is the hallmark of Management in any business enterprise whether big or small. Management on daily basis is beset with challenge of what to do, how to do, where to do, when to do and for whom to do. Strategic decision making is an ongoing process that involves creating strategies to achieve goals and objectives altering... Continue Reading

The main purpose of this research work was to assess the effects of stress on the academic performance of University school students in Nasarawa State using Keffi Local Government Area as a case study. Four research questions were developed. The research questions were tested by administering 100 copies of (16) item questionnaire to... Continue Reading

Briquette is a block of compressed materials suitable for burning. Briquettes can be made from low cost materials such as old newspaper, any bio mass wastes and agricultural residues. They can be used as fuel instead of charcoal, firewood or mineral coal and costs less. Depending on which materials were used to make the briquettes, they may burn... Continue Reading

Blender is an electric machine for size reducing soft food or liquid mixture. Blender is some time called liquidizer consists of a glass jar or jug containing a steel blade assembly at the base driven by a small electric motor. Construction of blender was done based on the principle of size of reduction using electric motor as the major... Continue Reading

ABSTRACT This project is about a microcontroller dot matrix system. This information display system is made in such a way that it can attract attention at any time of the day or night because they system flashes out each of the alphabet or words from left to the right end of the display... Continue Reading

The project is based on Construction of microcontroller vehicle speed alarm system which automatically warns the driver by activating a panic alarm which is triggered on when the driver exceeds the speed limit set in the system which also stops the alarm when the speed is reduced below the set speed limit. A speedometer system is used to... Continue Reading

The advantage of cellular communication like GSM technology is a potential solution for such remote controlling activities. GSM-SMS technology can be used to control household appliances from remote places. Remotely, the system allows the home owner to monitor and control his house appliances via his mobile phone set by sending commands... Continue Reading

Heart beat rate means the number of heartbeats per unit time, usually expressed as beats per minute (bpm). The human heart pounds to pump oxygen rich blood to the muscles and carry cell waste products away from the tissues. Heartbeat rate can vary according to the demand of the muscles to absorb oxygen and excrete carbon dioxide changes... Continue Reading

As the growing population of human race widens the gulf between energy supply and energy demand, the imbalance in energy availability sent researchers into excavating for a way of settling this age long squabble. A lasting solution is vested on alternative use of the renewable energy source, a project that is yet to be widely applied.... Continue Reading

Welding is a way of heating pieces of metal using electricity or a flame so that they melt and stick together. It can simply be defined as the process of joining two or more pieces of metal to make the act as a single piece. This is often done by melting the work pieces and adding a filler material to form a pool of molten material that... Continue Reading

It has become inevitable that there would be communication and due to the inherent limitation of the human voice, the public address system came to being. A public address or “P.A SYSTEM” is an electronic amplification system with a mixer ,amplifier and loudspeakers, used to reinforce a given sound , e.g a person making a speech,... Continue Reading

The 200W solar system was determined by load assessment, solar panel number determination, battery requirement and then inverter sizing. A complete solar panel rated at 200w was however purchased, together with 2 no. 150A solar battery, 1500W inverter and also 10A charge controller. These were assembled together with necessary protective... Continue Reading

The design and construction of a 60A, 3-Ф automatic power changeover from public utility supply to generator and vice versa was aimed at providing a useful system for use in our homes or offices. The system was achieved with a 66A 3-Ф contactor, 100mA transformers and relays. The system turns on a generator when the public utility... Continue Reading

A wireless signal jammer is a device which blocks transmission by creating interference. This wireless signal jammer can be categorized into the Radio Frequency (RF) jammer and GSM jammer. A Radio Frequency jammer is a device used to disrupt or prevent communication via a broadcasted RF signal. It is an RF and GSM frequency disrupter... Continue Reading

Automatic water level controller for both overhead and underground tank is designed to monitor the level of water in a tank. It displays the level of water and when it is at the lowest level; a pump is activated automatically to refill the tank. When the tank is filled to its maximum capacity, the pump is automatically de-energized.... Continue Reading

The project throws light on the concept of Right to Education against Minorities; to what extent it has been implemented. The key rationale for including the rights of religious and linguistic minorities in the Constitution is to ensure preservation of their culture and also the creation of an educated minority citizenry in India. The RTE Act is... Continue Reading

INTRODUCTION The European Union Water Framework Directive, defines pollution as: '... the direct or indirect introduction, as a result of human activity, of substances or heat into the water or land which may be harmful to human health or the quality of aquatic ecosystems or terrestrial ecosystems directly depending on aquatic ecosystems, which... Continue Reading

The Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, 1999 (as amended) made the theory of separation of powers a fundamental principle of state governance. The 1999 Constitution in different sections vested the powers of government in separate organs of government as follows: Section 4 deals with the Legislative powers; Section 5 deals... Continue Reading

The concept of sovereignty of states has been a matter of much controversy among legal scholars and practitioners. This is as several states have over the years, strived to foster better international relations (diplomacy), with others, as well as reputable international organisations, in order to ensure economic viability and political... Continue Reading