PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND THE ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITIES OF DICHLOROMETHANE FRACTION OF METHHANOL EXTRACT OF CRATEVA ADANSONII

3.1.1 Equipment/Apparatus used

3.1.2 Chemical, Solvents and Reagen

3.1.3 Animals

3.2 Methodology

3.2.1 Collection and preparation of Pl

3.2.2 Extraction

3.3 Fractionation

3.3.1 Gel Column Chromatography

3.4. Identification of Phytochemical groups in the extract

3.4.1 Preparation of Reagents for phytochemical analysis

3.4.2 Qualitative phytochemical analysis of the Extract

3.5 Thin Layer Chromatography

3.6 Anti-inflammatory activity test

CHAPTER FOUR

Result

CHAPTER FIVE

Discussion

Conclusion

References

Appendixes

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION AIM AND OBJECTIVES

Inflammation is one of body’s natur itself. It is also an essential reaction of the body to infection. Too little of an inflammatory response, and the body is unable to repel microbial invasions or heal injuries. Too much of an inflammatory response, and the immune system begins attacking the eventually leading to chronic disease (Sears, 2000).

Anti-Inflammatory refers to the property of a substance or treatment that reduces inflammation. There are obvious clinical markers of inflammation which include pain, redness, fever, swelling and loss of function (Pai et al. 2004). However if inflammation is allowed to continue unchecked it may results in neurodegenerative disease or cancer (Pai et al. 2004). A variety of safe and effective anti-inflammatory agents are available including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, corticosteroids.

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID are usually indicated for the treatment of acute and chronic inflammation. NSAIDS work by reducing the production of prostaglandins (Bayness & Marek, 2005). Prostaglandins are chemicals that promote inflammation, pain and fever. The enzymes that produce prostaglandins are phospholipaseA_2, PGH₂synthase and Cyclooxygenase (Cox). There are two types of COX enzymes, cyclooxygenase-1 (Cox-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2). NSAIDS reduce the production of prostaglandin by inhibiting COX enzymes resultant effect is that, therefore, inflammation, pain and fever are reduced. Some herbs and plants possess anti-inflammatory and they include:

S/No	Common	Botanical
	Name	Name

1	Andiroba oil	Carapa	It is rich in omega-3 fatty acids
		guianensis	that promote skin healing from
			cuts and may slow growth of skin
			cells in psoriasis and age spots.
			It relieves pain and swelling

			13

2	Alfalfa	Medicago	It serves as an oxidant in the
		sativa L.	blood stream. They are staple of
			salads and contain nutrient, the
			leaves hold the best healing
			potential			and		contain
			phytoestrogens				that	could	be
			beneficial		in	menopausal			and
			breast feeding women.

3	Aloe Vera Gel	Aloe vera	The leaf juices of the aloe plant
			have	important			medicinal uses.
			It stimulates			collagen		synthesis
			and skin regeneration after a
			burn; it helps heal acne, improve
			the appearance of wrinkles and
			hydrate damaged skin.

4	Apple	Malus	Other names include apple cider
		domestica	vinegar, wine vinegar. The best
			of the medicinal compounds are
			contained in the apple peel. It
			helps in relieving arthritis, apple
			contains malic and tartaric acids,
			salts	of	potassium,			sodium,
			magnesium and iron.

Annie’s Remedy (Anniesremedy.c

Crateva adansonii belonging to the family Capparacea

and phylum Magnoliophyta is small tree of forest and

savanna woodland, often on river-banks, widely distributed in Nigeria and across Africa. The leaves are applied externally to relieve pain in joint, the fresh juice of leaves is used for the relief of ear-ache, eye infection and anodyne in toothache. Powder of bark is used in rheumatism, itch, epilepsy and asthma (Sivarajan & Balachandran, 1994).

1.2 Crateva adansonii as a plant.

The flowering tree Crateva adansonii is called the sacred garlic pear and temple plant. The tree is sometimes called the spider tree because the showy flowers bear long, spidery stamens. It is native to Japan, Australia, much of south East Asia and several south pacific Islands. It grows in forest and savanna woodland, often on river-banks from Senegal to N Nigeria, and across Africa to Zaire, Tanganyika and Madagascar. The plants common name is amakarode in Igbo, In Yoruba, it is egun-orun and in Hausa, it is ungududu. The tree attains approximately 15m height. The trunk is irregular, seldom straight, but is worthy of cultivation as an ornamental for its dense masses of white flowers borne at the ends of all the shoots. In the bush, owing to grass burning which it survives and repeated stripping of its leaves, the tree is often stunted. The wood is soft and yellow and strong-smelling when cut. The leaves are however eaten in soups or mixed with cereals. They are boiled and added to mixture called containing a paste of locust beans, Parkia Spp. (Leguminosae Mimisoideae). The Yoruba consumes the leaves as a potherb.

In upper volt they are the ingredient of sauces. To some people the leaves are taken only in time of dearth and they are sold in northern markets. The bark is widely used for stomach-troubles in Nigeria. In Jebel Marra a bark-paste is used as a poultice on swellings.

Crateva adansonii is a decidious plant with three-palmate leaves. The leaves are arranged opposite one another. They are elliptic with entire margins. The flowers are pale green. The plants bloom from March to May. The flowers are arranged in racemes. The fruits are berries. It can withstand temperatures above 1^oc and 2^oc (Burkill, 1985).

Taxonomy

Family: Capparaceae

Genus: Crateva

Species: Crateva adansonii DC

Phylum/Division: Magnoliophyta

Sub division: Magnoliophytina

Classes: Rosopsida

Sub class: Dilleniidae

Super order: Violanae

Order: Capparales

The medicinal effect of Crateva adansonii plant bark is includes general healing, leprosy, stomach troubles. For the leaf, it is used in eye treatments, liver, for leaf; a pain-killer, for roots, dropsy, swellings, edema, gout, veneral diseases. Powder of bark is used in rheumatism,itch, epilepsy and asthma.

1.3 Research Aim and Objectives Aim:

To study the anti-inflammatory effect of dichloromethane fraction extracts from Crateva adansonii on rats.

Objectives:

i) To determine the anti-inflammatory effect of Crateva adansonii extracts in methanol on rats.

ii) To determine the phytochemicals present in Crateva adansonii extract in methanol on rats.

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