An Examination on the Role of Guidance and Counseling Services Towards Secondary Schools Student’s Behavioral Change. A Case of Arusha Municipal - Tanzania

ABSRTACT

The aim of the study was to examine the role of guidance and counseling services towards secondary schools students’ behavioral change at Arusha municipal. A sample of 77 respondents including students, teachers and parents provided the required data for accomplish the study. Specifically the study sought to identify the people’s perception towards guidance and counseling, roles of guidance and counseling toward student’s behavioral change, to examine the approaches used in guidance and counseling in shaping students behavioral change and find out possible strategies which may use to improve students behavior in secondary schools at Arusha municipality.

The study employed both qualitative and quantitative approach to obtain and analyze data, where by questionnaire were used to obtain data from students and interview guiding questions used to both teachers and parents. The study findings shown that, there is a lack of professional trained teachers for guidance and counseling services in secondary schools particularly at Arusha municipal. The responsibilities left to the discipline and academic teachers as well as head of schools and parents. In some schools the class teachers have to follow up the trends of his class and they have to ensure they get a time to seat with their students and advise them on various matters concern them.

The findings revealed some measures that should be taken as to ensure the effectiveness of guidance and counseling service in secondary schools. Such measures are, to establish special offices of guidance and counseling as among of the department in secondary schools, Guidance and Counseling to be included in the mainstream like any other subjects. Also Heads of schools and educational officers should effectively supervise the implementation of the Guidance and Counseling Programme to achieve its aims, goals and objectives.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATE ..................................................................................... i

SUPERVISORS CERTIFICATION ............................................................................................... ii

COPYRIGHTS .............................................................................................................................. iii

DEDICATION ............................................................................................................................... iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .............................................................................................................. v

ABSRTACT ................................................................................................................................... vi

LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................................... xi

LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………………………………………xii

CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................. 1

PROBLEM AND ITS CONTEXT ................................................................................................. 1

1.0 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Background of the problem ................................................................................................... 1

1.2 Statement of the problem ...................................................................................................... 3

1.3 Research objectives ............................................................................................................... 3

1.3.1 General Objectives ......................................................................................................... 3

1.3.2 Specific objectives .......................................................................................................... 3

1.4 Research Questions ............................................................................................................... 4

1.5 Significance of the study ....................................................................................................... 4

1.6 Scope of the study ................................................................................................................. 5

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1.7 Limitation of the study .......................................................................................................... 5

1.8 Key words and concept ......................................................................................................... 5

CHAPTER TWO ............................................................................................................................ 6

LITERARURE REVIEW ............................................................................................................... 6

2.0 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 6

2.1 Theoretical literature ............................................................................................................. 6

2.1.1 Humanistic Approach ..................................................................................................... 6

2.1.2 Behavioral Approach ...................................................................................................... 8

2.1.3 Cognitive Theory ............................................................................................................ 9

2.1.4 Traditional African Guidance and Counseling Approach .............................................. 9

2.2 Empirical literature .............................................................................................................. 10

2.3 Conceptual Frame work ...................................................................................................... 12

2.4 Research Gap....................................................................................................................... 12

CHAPTER THREE ...................................................................................................................... 13

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY.................................................................................................. 13

3.0 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 13

3.1 Research Approach ............................................................................................................. 13

3.2 Research Design .................................................................................................................. 14

3.3 Area of the Study................................................................................................................. 14

3.4 Sample Size and Sampling Techniques .............................................................................. 15

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3.4.1Target population ........................................................................................................... 15

3.4.2 Sample Size .................................................................................................................. 15

3.5 Sampling Techniques .......................................................................................................... 15

3.5.1 Simple random technique ............................................................................................. 15

3.5.2 Purposive sampling....................................................................................................... 15

3.6 Sources of Data ................................................................................................................... 16

3.7 Data Collection Methods ..................................................................................................... 16

3.7.1 Interview Methods ........................................................................................................ 16

3.7.2 Questionnaire ................................................................................................................ 16

3.7.2 Documentary Reviews .................................................................................................. 17

3.8 Data Analysis Plan .............................................................................................................. 17

3.9 Ethical consideration ........................................................................................................... 17

CHAPTER FOUR ......................................................................................................................... 18

DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION ..................................................... 18

4.0 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 18

4.1 Data Presentation and Analysis of Findings ....................................................................... 18

4.2: Demographic information of the respondents .................................................................... 19

4.3: To examine people’s perceptions about guidance and counseling services in secondary schools in Arusha Municipal ..................................................................................................... 20

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4.4: To examine the approaches used in guidance and counseling in shaping students behavioral change in Arusha municipal .................................................................................... 22

4.5: To find out the role of guidance and counseling on students behavioral change .............. 24

4.5: Discussion of the findings .................................................................................................. 26

CHAPTER FIVE .......................................................................................................................... 27

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ..................................................... 27

5.0 Introduction ..........................................................................................................