ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTY OF COCONUT (COCOS NUCIFERA) WATER

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ABSTRACT

Coconut water is a natural nutritious beverage that contains several biologically active compounds. This study was set up to evaluate the antioxidant potential of coconut water. Twenty five adult male albino rats, used in this work, were grouped into five (A, B, C, D and E), of five rats per group. Groups A, B, C and D were administered orally with 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0mg/kg body weight respectively of the coconut water for seven consecutive days. Group E was the control. Giutathione peroxidase (GPX) and Malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured to examine antioxidant activity of the coconut water. There was a general increase in the average body weight of the treated groups unlike the control group which showed slight increase in body weight. The total protein concentrations of administered groups were not significantly different (P > 0.05) from those of the control. GPX activity was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the administered groups than in untreated group, while MDA levels decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in the treated groups relative to the control. This increase in GPX activity and decrease in MDA levels were found to be dose dependent. These results indicate that coconut water can reduce oxidative stress, due to its antioxidant property, and may be useful in the management of free radical related disorders.



TABLE OF CONTENT

Title Page……………………………………………………………...............1


Certification ……………………………………………………………………….2


Dedication………………………………………………………………………….3


Acknowledgement…………………………………………………………….4


Abstract……………………………………………………………………………..5


Table of Content……………………………………………………………….6


List of Tables…………………………………………………………………..10


List of Figures…………………………………………………………………10


CHAPTER ONE


Introduction………………………………………………………………........……..11

1.2 Aims and Objectives…………………………………………………….13

CHAPTER TWO

Literature Review………………………………………………………......………..14

2.1Coconut Palm………………………………………………………………..14

2.1.1 Types of Coconut Palm…………………………………………………………15

2.1.1.1 Tall Coconut………………………………………………………………......…..15

2.1.1.2 Dwarf Coconut………………………………………………………….....……..15

2.1.2 Other Species of Coconut………………………………………………………16

2.1.3 Scientific Classification of Coconut Palm……………………...……16

2.1.4 Common Names of Coconut…………………………………………………17

2.1.5 Coconut Water………………………………………………………………….........17

2.1.6 Nutritional values of Coconut Water…………………………………..…18

2.1.7 Uses of Coconut Water…………………………………………………………..18

2.1.7.1 Antioxidant Benefits of Coconut…………………………………………19

2.1.7.2 Medical Values of Coconut Water………………………………………..19

2.1.7.3 Effect of Coconut Water on Exercise and hydration…...……..20

2.1.7.4 Clinical Significance of Coconut Water………………………………….20

2.1.8 Chemical Composition of Coconut Water…………………………….….21

2.1.8.1 Phytohormones……………………………………………………………........……21

2.1.8.2 Auxin………………………………………………………………………...............…..21

2.1.8.3 Cytokinins…………………………………………………………………...........…...22

2.1.8.4 Kinetin (N6- Furfuryladnine)…………………………………………………...23

2.1.8.5 Trans-zeakin…………………………………………………………….........………24

2.1.8.6 Gibberellins (GAs)………………………………………………………......…….25

2.1.9 Inorganic Ions……………………………………………………………........………25

2.1.10 Vitamins…………………………………………………………………...........……..26

2.2 Other Parts of Coconut………………………………………………………....……27

2.2.1 Coconut Milk……………………………………………………………..........………27

2.2.2 Coconut Oil……………………………………………………………..............……..27

2.2.3 Toddy and Nectar…………………………………………………………......……27

2.3 Antioxidants………………………………………………………………….........…...27

2.3.1 Antioxidant Metabolites…………………………………………….…………..30

2.3.1.1 Ascorbic Acid………………………………………………………….......………31

2.3.1.2 Glutathione………………………………………………………………........……32

2.3.1.3 Melatonin……………………………………………………………….........…….32

2.3.1.4 Tocopherol and Tocotrienols (VIT. E)……………………………….33

2.4 Free Radicals ………………………………………………………………..........…….34

2.4.1 Generation of Free Radicals…………………………………………………..34

2.4.2 Free Radicals Scavenger Systems…………………………………….…..36

2.5 Glutathione Peroxidase (GPX)………………………………………………..….37

2.5.1 Isozymes of Glutathione Peroxidase…………………………………….37

2.5.2 Reaction Catalyze by GPX………………………………………………....……38

2.5.3 Reaction Mechanism of GPX………………………………………..…………38

2.5.4 Co-factor of GPX…………………………………………………………........….....39

2.5.5 Species Distribution………………………………………………………........……39

2.5.6 Role of GPX in Disease…………………………………………………….......…..40

2.5.6.1 Levels of Glutathione Peroxidase……………………………………………40

2.5.7 Lipid Peroxidation…………………………………………………………..........…...40

2.5.8 Oxidative Stress and Disease Conditions………………………………………42

2.6 Malondialdehyde (MDA)………………………………………………….............……..44

2.6.1 Action of ROS on Polyunsaturated Acid………………………………….……44

2.6.2 Analysis of MDA…………………………………………………………...............….…45

2.6.3 Hazards and Pathology …………………………………………………..........……..45


CHAPTER THREE

Materials and Methods…………………………………………………………..................47

3.1 Materials………………………………………………………………………............….47

3.1.1 Apparatus/Equipment…………………………………………………..………..47

3.1.2 Chemicals and Reagents………………………………………………………..47

3.1.3 Biological Samples……………………………………………………….....……..48

3.2 Methods…………………………………………………………………….............…….48

3.2.1 Collection of Samples……………………………………………………....…….48

3.2.1.1 Collection of Albino Rats……………………………………………..………48

3.2.1.2 Collection of Coconut…………………………………………………...……..48

3.2.1.3 Extraction of Coconut…………………………………………………….....…..48

3.2.2 Animal Handling and Treatment……………………………………………….48

3.2.2.1 Measurement of Weight…………………………………………………….....48

3.2.2.2 Animal Treatment…………………………………………………………........….49

3.2.2.3 Collection of Blood Samples for Analysis………………………………49

3.2.3 Preparation of Working Reagent………………………………………………..49

3.2.3.1 Phosphate Buffer…………………………………………………………........…..49

3.2.3.2 NADH Solution………………………………………………………….............……49

3.2.3.3 Copper Reagent………………………………………………………...........……….49

3.2.3.4 Sodium Dodecy Sulfate………………………………………………........………49

3.2.3.5 Sodium Hydroxide………………………………………………………............……50

3.2.3.6 Lowry Concentrate……………………………………………………............……...50

3.2.3.7 Preparation of Serum……………………………………………………...........……50

3.3 Measurement of Glutathione Peroxidase Activity…………………………….50

3.4 Determination of Malondialdehyde Levels…………………………………...……50

3.5 Determination of Total Protein……………………………………………….....…...51

3.6 Statistical Analysis…………………………………………………………....,........……..52

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 Results…………………………………………………………………………......................….53

4.1 Physical Observation………………………………………………………...............……..53

4.2 Changes in Body Weight…………………………………………………..............…..……54

4.3 Levels of Glutathione Peroxidase (U/L) and Malondialdehyde……….….56

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 Discussion and Conclusion…………………………………………………..................…….58

5.1 Discussion…………………………………………………………………............................………58

5.2 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………….............................……60

References………………………………………………………………………...............................……..61

Appendices………………………………………………………………………................................…….75


LIST OF TABLES                                                                            

Table                                                                                                                                Page

2.1 Nutritional Value of Coconut Water…………………………………………....................……..18

2.2 Examples of Antioxidant……………………………………………………............................………31

2.3 Levels of GPX………………………………………………………………...................................………40

4.1 Changes in Body Weight (g) of Animals during Seven days of Treatment with Coconut Water………………………………………………………………………………...........................……..53

4.2 Levels of Lutathione Peroxidase (GPX), Specific Glutathion (Specific-GPX), (moles/mg/ptn), and Protein…………………………………………………………...........................……56


LIST OF FIGURES                                                                                                       Pages                                                                                                                 

Figure………………………………………………………………………………......................................…..31

2.1 Vitamin C Structure………………………………………………………….........................…….32

2.2 Structure of Glutathione…………………………………………………….....................……...35

2.3 Bacterialcidal action of Antioxidant Enzyme………………………………...........…….37

2.4 Reaction Mechanism of GPX………………………………………………....................……..39

2.6 Lipid Peroxidation Reaction ………………………………………………....................………42




ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTY OF COCONUT (COCOS NUCIFERA) WATER
For more Info, call us on
+234 8130 686 500
or
+234 8093 423 853

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  • Type: Project
  • Department: Bio-Chemistry
  • Project ID: BCH0120
  • Access Fee: ₦5,000 ($14)
  • Pages: 88 Pages
  • Format: Microsoft Word
  • Views: 800
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    Details

    Type Project
    Department Bio-Chemistry
    Project ID BCH0120
    Fee ₦5,000 ($14)
    No of Pages 88 Pages
    Format Microsoft Word

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